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O _o2/?O_)?8!"#$@_(??_E&_oI,-N1/4*+/RST/3567/8?9OJjHK1/DIV[_g58Q[2ODYU7XqHTMLWm3;%}hPNE_LEVEL=1000.0 KILL_LEVEL=8.0 eee5201a29c88e55e9c7218ab0f5e41ddd23305699636be737700f71ac5c4eb278459026459b3c47350badd9bab72f9c350badd9bab72f9c350badd9bab72f9c4.228.93.36by Barracuda Spam Firewall at Colorado.EDUProduced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.115800000003amadei@colorado.edubuffmail.colorado.eduJD Ch geonez@peoplepc.com<001901c6c599$dbcb4dc0$245de404@George>geonez@peoplepc.comSMTPSMTP:GEONEZ@PEOPLEPC.COMgeonez@peoplepc.com VERSATILE ROOFS OF THIN-SHELL CONCRETE FOR LOW-COST RESETTLEMENT HOUSING George Nez, Urban Planning and Resettlement (Collaborating with Engineers-Without-Borders, International) Wide-spanning arched concrete roofs can be made in the field, using low-cost materials and common labor of resettlers. A few pictures are attached showing several possible forms. To see the construction process check the internet, Google: George Nez Roofs. Evolved and tested since 1975, this process was used in camps, parks, pavilions and ornamental structures - all cases where high snow and wind loads existed. These roofs are built entirely on the ground. They are then mounted firmly on their own posts or on post-beam framing which also provides framing for filling in walls, later. Essentially this permits setting up durable new roofs in a proper site plan of resettlement. THIN SHELLS. Due to the arching, overall thickness is quite adequate at inch (10 13 mm). Mounted in a wooden framework, such roofs can span 20 27 ft. (6 to 8 meters), which is practical for a house, wing of a school, or a workshop. Having a square wooden frame, these units can be joined like checker squares to enlarge a building. ECONOMICAL. These roofs have lowest material costs compared with any other durable roofs. Material costs in the U.S. range between $2 and $5 per sq. ft. for this package of components: Flyscreen or stucco mesh of fiberglass Boards of milled lumber for framing Portland cement Sand Latex cement admixture Posts selected or built suitable for the soil, termites, etc. Nails, screws, joining hardware Hand tools This system uses far less lumber than conventional roofs, particularly those heavy ones needing a lot rafters/trusses. Nor do these new units need any metal cladding or shingling. They minimize transportation of material and weight from factories. Other important savings are indirect - allowing lighter foundations and walls. Regarding labor costs, these roofs can use common local labor, even the help of families who may be urgently trying to move in from temporary camps or slums. Local carpenters can be quickly trained to supervise. LIGHT WEIGHT, RESILIENCE AND STRENGTH. These complete roofs weigh only 4 or 5 pounds per sq. ft., (10 22 kg. per sq. meter), but are strong enough to meet any building codes, having been tested to hold 65 95 lbs. per sq. ft., (32 - 43 kg. per sq. ft.) . This is due to the shell form (hyperbolic paraboloid) using 4 - 6 layers of reinforcement screen covered with inch thickness of latex concrete. The tensile and compressive resistance is counterbalanced. The latex-modified concrete is actually a little resilient, allowing the thin shell to resist cracking from fluctuating temperatures and variable live loads of snow, hail, wind or climbing. In the unlikely case of being pierced - as by a falling heavy tree the fracture is readily repaired with the same materials. Also, skylights or pipe vents can be retrofitted. INSULATION. While the concrete roof itself holds far less sun-heat than a metal roof, its pyramidal form permits enclosing a good insulation space over a light ceiling laid across the base frame, which permits hot air convection through a small vent at the peak. In winter this can also provide much-needed storage space for small houses. EARTHQUAKE RESISTANCE. Given their light weight and crack resistance, and particularly if the roofs are standing firmly on their own posts (imposing little or no load on walls), they can be very safe, transmitting very little shaking momentum to any walls which are fitted tightly to roof frames. These roofs themselves will not break apart, because of the embedded screen core. Basically, they are very much lighter than typical heavy earth-filled flat roofs or tile roofs - which are so common in earthquake regions, and where a lot of wall failure is due to those heavy roofs. BUILDING THE ROOFS ON THE GROUND. This is the most efficient way is to build these shell roofs. Requires no scaffolding. Therefore the framing, screening and cementing are easy. Since the units are non-sagging, non-twisting, like huge lampshades, lifting them onto posts can be done in several ways: (1) Most economically by manpower alone, which could be aided with an ordinary hydraulic auto jack, simply raising one side after another (thus lifting only half the weight) and blocking up under each rise, or (2) If a light crane can be afforded, lifting and setting the roof into place instantly, or holding it up exactly over the footprint of the new house while attaching and adjusting posts. NO FACTORY OR FORMS NEEDED. No factory equipment, forms or molds or heat process is needed. 24/7 PRODUCTION. Where mass production is needed for urgent resettlement, it can be done in a construction yard. And if electricity is available it is possible to use electric tools and to work through nights. TRAINING. On the spot. Common skills can readily build these roofs under supervision. Village carpenters are readily trained for that. Resettlement families can provide labor. This experience with an efficient low-cost technique should help trainees to find further employment in reconstruction. BUILDING ROOFS FIRST. In cases of urgent resettlement it is possible to erect roofs first and allow families to occupy this shelter immediately, even before walls. Each family alone or with communal labor can readily build the walls, once they are sheltered under their own roofs. An example - the roofs-first procedure was highly successful in a massive resettlement of approximately 100,000 riverside people, under an emergency of 18 months. This happened around Ghanas huge Volta Basin hydroelectric development during 1962-64, which had to flood the whole basin. At that early time, before these concrete shell roof were available, corrugated aluminum sheets were the best cladding at hand. An accelerated planning procedure laid out 20 new towns and assigned some growth around old towns. This entire resettlement would be expedited by building all the roofs first into well-arranged lots by using trained small crews. And by leaving walls to be built by incoming resettlers who were very familiar with building mud walls. This roofs-first procedure allowed proper land planning, roadways and infrastructure. The incoming families built their own walls of good adobe blocks, working part-time on the walls while also starting to work in new farms which were planned around the new settlements. Elsewhere in the world, too often, impoverished crowding spills out into worst terrain such as steep hillsides or floodable riversides. It is exactly in such situations that these tools of pre-located roofs and vital infrastructure can do the most good. WALL CONSTRUCTION LATER. Ordinarily, wall construction by traditional methods requires a lot of time, to prepare for heavy conventional roofs like mud or tile. Different regions have different wall materials, methods of laying foundations, wall construction, wall framing, etc. All this wall work may be greatly reduced if lighter roofs can be set up first on their own columns. The great advantage, such roofs will impose little or no roof-loads on walls and will permit lighter foundations. STRETCHING A PROJECT BUDGET. The whole budget for a resettlement project which is never adequate or timely might achieve twice as much housing in half the time, if the roofs can be started, allowing families to move in and work on their walls and in any other new employment in an overall resettlement program. This time acceleration needs only the new roofs and technical assistance to help carry on wall and floor work and other village infrastructure. RAIN WATER COLLECTION. In most climates these concrete roofs can collect enough water by means of rain gutters installed around roof perimeter, to supply the potable drinking and cooking needs of whole families living under those same roofs. Of course storage capacity is needed to last through the annual dry seasons. And appropriate filtration devices. Such systems are best built for groups of houses, or a school, etc. (SOME FURTHER DETAILS) STEPS IN BUILDING THE 4-PANEL ARCHED ROOF see the illustrations in Google: George Nez Roofs This efficient form uses four saddle shells (hyperbolic paraboloid sections) which are counterpoised in the horizontal base frame. Roof strength and rigidity is due to 90 degree opposed arching inherent in such shells. Essentially, the two opposite high corners of each shell define its tensile axis, and the two low corners define its compression axis. FRAMING. The square base frame and the four upward sloping ridge stems embrace the four panels. And a small triangular opening may be framed in at the peak, for an air vent. Note that these ridge members rise from midpoints of the sides of the base frame, not from its corners. This simple framing has four warped voids which will cause the screen to form perfect double-arched saddle shells. The SCREEN MATERIAL is preferably fiberglass (common flyscreen, or common stucco mesh). This is very strong, resistant against stretching, heat, and the alkalinity of cement. SCREENING PROCEDURE. Screen rolls of about 14 17 inches (40 cm) are sawed off from large commercial rolls. Then these smaller working rolls of screen are cut into sufficient lengths to span across the open voids of the frame and wrap around. The spans go from one frame edge to the opposite frame (not to the adjacent one). Spanning is done in X and Y succession across the void. Just hand-tensioned, wrapped around several edges of each frame, and lightly stapled with hand staplers using rust-resistant staples The proper positions for attaching these bands must be marked off first on the frame members. This is to insure that the two screen surfaces become perfectly congruent, i.e. leave no gaps between them which would yield to shear forces acting on the shell. The marks also cause the correct amount of screen side-lapping, to get necessary overlay for total tensile strength. How is that determined? APPLY A HYPERBOLIC-PARABOLA FORMULA. Tensile and compressive stress is found by a common formula which accounts for the essential variables: Area of the panel, Load, and Arch (the more arch the stronger, caused by the peak height). This leads to the required number of screen layers. To ascertain the tensile strength of each different batch of screen, it can be load-tested simply, and tests may include pouring hot water down the strips in tension to find the resistance to stretching. Conveniently, the same formula also indicates Compression requirement which leads to the needed thickness of the cement shell. However, compression requirement is met easily by inch thickness of concrete where that thickness is also needed for adequate moisture barrier. LATEX CEMENT. First, a precaution! Latex-modified cement wants to thicken into gel quickly, within 5-10 minutes after mixing this means that mixing should be done in small batches (pails) rather than in large mixers - The first base coat of slurry will use no sand, only cement, water and latex, with a latex:water ratio about 1:1. This also depends on the solids-content of different kinds of latex (specification found on the label). The first coat should be kept thin enough to penetrate through all layers of screen. Best by pouring from buckets down from roof peak and reaching up with the long-handled push-brooms to spread well. This coat must bond the screen layers together and also bond the screen all around the wooden frame edges. Then coat is is left to set for one day, to begin to firm up the soft Hypar shape of the screen. On successive days additional coats will include sand, 2 to 3 parts of sand (weight) relative to Portland cement. This is repeated until inch thickness is reached. Note: the sand must be sharp, not rounded shore sand which may even contain salt contamination! SELECTING LATEX MATERIAL. Latex is a generic term. Specific cement admixture is wanted. There are various brands designed to provide high bonding, density and resilience in thin concrete. In chemical terms, here are some common examples: (1) Acrylic polymer, a bonding agent for thin architectural elements, roofs, and topping concrete roads (2) Styrene butadiene co-polymer, a bonding agent for concrete waterproofing, for tanking, floor topping (3) Acrylic-based road bonder, for earth roads widely used as a spray on dirt roads, airfields and for stabilizing slopes (Note: If this road-bonding material is already being used in the region of a housing project, it may be the optimum and the least costly and is easily tested on small patches of screen.) Mixing instructions are specified for various purposes, with each product. Roughly estimated, one 50 gal. drum of the latex, having 25 percent or more solids, will serve to build a full scale demonstration roof.) ANOTHER FORM OF ROOF SHELL - THE BARREL VAULT This structure is much simpler to frame and screen than the saddle shell roof at much less material cost, but with more labor. The wooden ribs bent into the arch can be local tree stems rather than milled lumber. Saplings or bamboo stems are overlapped and bound together at their thin ends This is done while they lie straight on the ground and may be trimmed to exactly the same lengths. Then they are simply picked up at each end and plugged into prepared sockets in two opposite foundation trenches prepared for each side of the structure. Sockets may be set by pouring around PVC tube sections of several feet length, whose diameters are an inch larger than the wooden stems and may then be poured with concrete (anti-termite). When all stems are in place they form an arching rib cage. Horizontal stems are tied across all ribs, and may also be used to support a second floor. Floor joists are tied across. Temporary diagonal braces are angled down from the rib cage to the ground these are needed until the whole shell is screened and cemented. TWO CHOICES OF HEIGHT. (1) One-room height (like a Quonset hut) has built-in floor joists and offers a complete and portable house shell, which may be used as a first floor unit or a portable second floor. (2) Or a two-story house may be framed all together two floors high, simply by using taller ribs. It needs no separate walls for a ground floor. This form may be best where housing land is very limited or where flooding threatens. LAYING FABRIC OVER THE RIBS. These rib cages will now be covered with multiple layers of most common sack-cloth, the kind used for food shipments, farm products, seeds, grains, etc. This is woven polypropylene, which happens to be standard around the world. Available cheaply in local markets, used or new. It is suitable for these vault buildings because (1) it is strong enough in layers, (2) sufficiently stable in heat, (3) alkaline-resistant against the cement, and (4) possibly free or free, from food shipments. Note: if there is available iin small amounts any tarpaulin material or heavy gauge plastic sheeting, such materials may also be used, best in the upper layers. The fabric is applied in several layers (5 or more) which will be sealed together with latex cement, one layer after another. The steps: (1) The first layer is spanned over the rib cage, with edges wrapped partly around and lightly stapled, then (2) a thin cement slurry (latex cement) is painted on top of the fabric, and (3) immediately while this is still fresh and adhesive the next fabric layer is spread on. The layers do not require sack-cloth pieces to be sewn together into huge sheets, but the opened sack pieces may simply be laid on the wet cement surface, with adequate overlapping and cementing down their edges. This process calls for enough helpers to do steps 2 and 3 in quick succession on fully wet cement. No sand is used (yet) in the thin slurry. Step (4) the same slurry is painted on top of the last layer. Then FINAL CEMENTING of the shell begins with sand in the slurry (a ratio of two or three parts sand to cement). These cement applications are repeated several times, with setting intervals between, to reach about inch thickness. So far, we have described only the structure of the basic barrel-vault. But CROSS-WALLS are needed at both ends. They are easily fitted into the barrel-vault ribs and may be set inside enough to allow plenty overhang over door and window openings. These cross walls may use any sort of framing poles, preferably set in diagonal positions to add cross-bracing to the whole shell, and walls may use any light infill material. BACKGROUND Original research, development and testing of these shell roofs was done since 1975 by the following engineers: Prof. Joseph Kersavage (University of Tennessee) initiated the form and applied it to impact-resistant military bunkers using shell roofs with numerous screen layers in latex concrete. Dr. Albert Knott, Director of the Knott Testing Laboratory, Denver, tested and designed thin-shells for possible use in housing and parks. Dr. Ted Curtis, U.S. National Park Service (Washington DC) tested them for park shelters. The author of this article, an urban planner experienced in resettlement, designed and supervised construction of these roof units in different climates and for various uses. He can be reached at < geonez@peoplepc.com > Dr. Bernard Amadei, President of Engineers-Without-Borders International - has encouraged training and use of these thin shell roofs for low-cost housing. There is a recent book on LATEX CONCRETE HABITAT written by Knott and Nez, published by Trafford Publishing Company. +nTgeonez@peoplepc.comSMTPgeonez@peoplepc.comReturn-Path: Received: from mx10.Colorado.EDU (mx10.colorado.edu [128.138.128.110]) by bandit.Colorado.EDU (8.13.6/8.13.4/ITS-6.0/tls) with ESMTP id k7M3P6lB024059 for ; Mon, 21 Aug 2006 21:25:06 -0600 (MDT) X-ASG-Debug-ID: 1156217104-29155-119-0 X-Barracuda-URL: http://128.138.128.110:8000/cgi-bin/mark.cgi Received: from spot.colorado.edu (spot.colorado.edu [128.138.129.2]) by mx10.Colorado.EDU (Spam Firewall) with ESMTP id 9612F14822A for ; Mon, 21 Aug 2006 21:25:04 -0600 (MDT) Received: from mx11.Colorado.EDU (mx11.colorado.edu [128.138.128.111]) by spot.colorado.edu (8.13.6/8.13.4/ITS-6.0/tls) with ESMTP id k7M3P3Wo008514 for ; Mon, 21 Aug 2006 21:25:04 -0600 (MDT) Received: from smtpauth14.mail.atl.earthlink.net (smtpauth14.mail.atl.earthlink.net [209.86.89.74]) by mx11.Colorado.EDU (Spam Firewall) with ESMTP id 116241FB0DB for ; Mon, 21 Aug 2006 21:24:59 -0600 (MDT) Received: from [4.228.93.36] (helo=George) by smtpauth14.mail.atl.earthlink.net with asmtp (Exim 4.34) id 1GFMoA-00089t-2v for AMADEI@SPOT.COLORADO.EDU; Mon, 21 Aug 2006 23:24:59 -0400 Message-ID: <001901c6c599$dbcb4dc0$245de404@George> Reply-To: From: To: X-ASG-Orig-Subj: ROOF PAPER FOR FORWARDING Subject: ROOF PAPER FOR FORWARDING Date: Mon, 21 Aug 2006 21:19:59 -0600 MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0013_01C6C567.8F030140" X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2800.1158 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1165 X-ELNK-Trace: eee5201a29c88e55e9c7218ab0f5e41ddd23305699636be737700f71ac5c4eb278459026459b3c47350badd9bab72f9c350badd9bab72f9c350badd9bab72f9c X-Originating-IP: 4.228.93.36 X-Virus-Scanned: by Barracuda Spam Firewall at Colorado.EDU X-Virus-Scanned: by Barracuda Spam Firewall at Colorado.EDU X-Barracuda-Spam-Score: -1001.00 X-Barracuda-Spam-Status: No, SCORE=-1001.00 using global scores of TAG_LEVEL=4.0 QUARANTINE_LEVEL=1000.0 KILL_LEVEL=8.0 amadei@colorado.eduSMTPamadei@colorado.eduSMTPŚƑb9Bȗ[ROOF PAPER FOR FORWARDINGgeonez@peoplepc.comSMTPSMTP:AMADEI@COLORADO.EDUSMTP:AMADEI@COLORADO.EDUgeonez@peoplepc.comxr+nTgeonez@peoplepc.comSMTPgeonez@peoplepc.comBernard Amadei+nTBernard AmadeiSMTPamadei@colorado.edugeonez@peoplepc.com+nTgeonez@peoplepc.comSMTPgeonez@peoplepc.comBernard Amadei+nTBernard AmadeiSMTPamadei@colorado.eduSMTP:GEONEZ@PEOPLEPC.COMROOF PAPER FOR FORWARDINGIPM.Note@0`u@0`ungar 7@9ٙ;?@N @__substg1.0_37010102*;>__substg1.0_3704001E*r __substg1.0_3707001E*=@q __substg1.0_370A0102*p __substg1.0_370E001E*?:o __properties_version1.00}__substg1.0_0FF90102*|__substg1.0_37010102*BEs__substg1.0_3704001E*{ __substg1.0_3707001E*DGz __substg1.0_370A0102*y __substg1.0_370E001E*FAx __properties_version1.00__substg1.0_0FF90102*__substg1.0_37010102*ILP__substg1.0_3704001E* __substg1.0_3707001E*KN __substg1.0_370A0102* __substg1.0_370E001E*MH __properties_version1.00__substg1.0_0FF90102*__substg1.0_37010102*PS!0__substg1.0_3704001E* __substg1.0_3707001E*RU __substg1.0_370A0102* __substg1.0_370E001E*TO __properties_version1.00[__substg1.0_0FFF0102*\__substg1.0_3001001E*WZ__substg1.0_3002001E*__substg1.0_3003001E*YV__substg1.0_300B0102*__substg1.0_0FF60102*__substg1.0_00020102* __substg1.0_00030102*]_`__substg1.0_00040102*\__substg1.0_10140102*den__substg1.0_10150102*m__substg1.0_10010102*l__substg1.0_101B0102*k__substg1.0_10000102*^gj__substg1.0_10170102*ahi__substg1.0_101E0102*h__substg1.0_10020102*big__substg1.0_101C0102*cff__substg1.0_10040102*je__substg1.0_10050102*dArBC@DOPQRdepq? uvwx} r  N   @+K5(F 0?o).+ `   - =  p & PN KS= : sk HL# ([O =$  BZb NP   image/jpeg*H DCP_0646.JPGDCP_0646.JPG!N 7 77n7 7  7 ? 7 7      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ExifMM* !(!ڇi8EASTMAN KODAK COMPANYKODAK DC3400 ZOOM DIGITAL CAMERAKODAK DC3400 ZOOM DIGITAL CAMERAjr0210z    ’|<ʠ0100P8 2000:11:09 09:40:542000:11:09 09:40:54P 2 d ?  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